The Indus River Valley

The culture that developed in the Indus River Valley around 3500-2500 BC, referred to by some as the Harappan Culture (named for Harappa, one of the ruined cities of the ancient civilization), was cut off from others on all sides by its geography.
The Chinese cultures were to the north and northeast, past the giant Himalayas. Crossing the Thar Desert and thick jungles to the east, one would have come to the early people of the Ganges River Valley. The Indus people were isolated from the Mesopotamians and other near-east cultures to the west / northwest by the Hindu Kush and vast deserts. Finally, the people of the Indus Valley were hemmed in to the south by the Arabian Sea / Indian Ocean. Nevertheless, the Indus River civilization flourished and grew to control more land (on the order of 500,000 square miles) than either the ancient Egyptians or the Mesopotamians.
Even though it developed independentally from the other river valley civilizations, the success of the Indus Valley Civilization was due in large part to the Indus River itself. Fed by monsoonal summer rains and winter runoff from the mountains, the Indus River, especially when seen from space, is an obvious oasis in an otherwise bleak looking region.
To the Indus Valley people, the river provided fertile grounds to crops of rice, wheat, various fruits and vegetables, and cotton. In addition, the Indus provided grazing lands for herd animals and, of course, a steady supply of fresh water. Ironically, the Indus and the geography of the region provide for speculation about the mysterious end of the Indus Valley civilization. Some theorize that earthquakes and abnormally large and frequent floods caused the end for the Indus people. One theory even suggests that the Indus River itself changed course, thereby forcing the people to leave

Reducing Poverty Through Rural Development in Sindh.

MANILA, PHILIPPINES (21 November 2002) - The Asian Development Bank (ADB) is providing a US$50 million project loan to reduce poverty through rural development in southern Sindh, Pakistan.

The Sindh Rural Development Project will tackle poverty in canal-irrigated areas of Badin, Mirpurkhas, Sanghar and Thatta districts.

The project aims to improve the social and economic standing of the poorest groups, focusing on tenants and agricultural laborers, marginal owners-cum-tenants and small village-based artisans, particularly women.This will be achieved through

Improved governance and legal support

Enhanced social processes at the community level

A boost to rural livelihoods ?

Upgraded rural infrastructure and settlement improvement 

Project management support

A majority of rural households in the four target districts do not own agricultural or homestead land.
The deeply entrenched poverty of tenants and agricultural laborers is perpetuated by the sharecropping tenancy system.

The project will be implemented at district level, promoting a partnership between government, nongovernment organizations, and community-based organizations.

Better governance and legal support will also pave the way for more favorable sharing arrangements for tenant farmers. Expected beneficiaries include 96,000 households in 3,200 village groups.

The project loan, drawn from the concessional Asian Development Fund, has a term of 32 years, including a grace period of eight years, with interest charged at 1% during the grace period and 1.5% per year subsequently.

The Government will finance about US$11.25 million equivalent. Beneficiaries will contribute about US$1.25 million for civil works.

The Local Government Department of the Government of Sindh is the project's executing agency.

Barani Area Development Project - Phase II, 2000

The status of women in Pakistan remains of grave concern. While the primary objective of the

Barani Area Development Project

is poverty reduction, its secondary objective is to improve the status of women and to enhance their contribution to, and benefit from, the project. Significant gender disparity exists in the project area, with women having significantly less access than men to basic social services such as education and health. Overall, women's literacy in the project area is estimated at 8.5 percent but in some areas drops below one percent. Women are often malnourished as a result of their heavy workload in the subsistence sector, poor nutrition and frequent pregnancies, and have limited access to resources of any kind. The institutional framework is ill-equipped to deliver services to women.

To address these acute gender inequalities, the project developed a strategic framework of gender mainstreaming, that is fully reflected in the project's components, budget, implementation arrangements and benefit monitoring and evaluation programs. It is also detailed in the Loan Agreement and theproject administration memorandum (PAM) used by project implementation staff.

Design features built into the project include formation of separate women's organizations led by women; and placement of female credit officers to ensure that at least 30 per cent of borrowers are women. Skill and micro-enterprise training will be provided to women, together with support for their subsequent economic endeavours. This will be accompanied by social training and strengthening measures in village health, education, organization and networking; and rural infrastructure such as improved water supply and roads, to ease their household labour burden and improve their access to outside resources. Specific percentages have been agreed to ensure women's share in all these activities.

To further ensure the effective implementation of these measures, the project will place gender specialists in the project's management and implementation units and sub-units, to monitor and evaluate the process and interventions, and ensure further employment of women under the project. Efforts will also be made to ensure the balanced gender composition of project staff at the central level throughout project implementation. Following the high turnover of women staff in an earlier project, given the lack of social protection available to women living alone, the project will construct hostel and office accommodation for women, and provide double cabin vehicles which will be more acceptable for mixed-gender field visits